Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy: The Reality Beyond Our Eyes

Abstract

Introduction: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy refers to a mild neurocognitive impairment not detectable by clinical examination that can be present in cirrhotic patients.
Aim: To determine the prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in a secondary healthcare center in Northern Portugal.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Cirrhotic outpatients were included. Exclusion criteria: overt hepatic encephalopathy, illiteracy, active alcohol consumption, psychotropic drug use and therapy with lactulose. The presence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy was defined as a value ≤ -4 on the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score, calculated according to the Portuguese norms. Variables analyzed: etiology and severity of liver disease and venous blood ammonia concentration. p values <
0.05 were considered significant.
Results: From the 102 patients who were evaluated, 41 were included: 31 males, mean age 57 ± 10 years, mean education 5 ± 2 years, 31 in Child-Pugh class A, mean MELD score 6 ± 3. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed in 14 (34%) patients. The presence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy was unrelated to severity of liver disease. Despite being more elevated, the mean venous ammonia concentration in minimal hepatic encephalopathy patients was not statistically different from the mean venous ammonia concentration in non-minimal hepatic encephalopathy patients (48.5 ± 13.3 vs. 45.6 ± 15.6 μmol/L, p = 0.555).
Discussion: The prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy reported is in accordance with the international published data.
Conclusion: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is a frequent condition that is present early in the course of cirrhosis, even in compensated cirrhotic patients. Therefore, this hidden entity should be actively pursued and managed properly.