Ressurgimento do Vírus Sincicial Respiratório em Crianças: Atividade Epidémica Fora de Época em Portugal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.18589Palavras-chave:
Criança, Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/epidemiologia, Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/ prevenção e controlo, Palivizumab, Vírus Sincicial Respiratório HumanoResumo
Introdução: A partir de junho de 2021, registou-se um aumento na circulação do vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR) em Portugal, continuando a observar-se um elevado número de casos ao longo do outono/inverno de 2021/2022. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever esta epidemia fora de época e definir a sua duração, analisando a incidência deste vírus desde a semana 40 de 2020 (2020-40) até à semana 18 de 2022 (2022-18).
Material e Métodos: O número semanal de casos de VSR confirmados laboratorialmente em Portugal foi utilizado para monitorização de incidência, utilizando a metodologia de teste CUSUM para contagens.
Resultados: Na semana 2021-23, foi identificado um aumento significativo no risco de VSR, tendo a proporção de testes positivos aumentado de 1% na semana 2021-22 (3/265) para 6% na semana 2021-23 (18/298). Apesar de ter sido observado um decréscimo acentuado na incidência de VSR nas semanas 2021-33 e 2022-02, o score do teste de CUSUM permaneceu acima do limiar epidémico até à semana 2022-07. Foram observados picos distintos na incidência de VSR entre as semanas 2021-30 e 2021-32 (média de 77 casos de VSR por semana) e entre as semanas 2021-39 e 2021-41 (média de 79 casos de VSR por semana), com taxas de positividade em torno de 60%.
Conclusão: Foi identificada uma epidemia de VSR fora de época, com um período epidémico superior ao observado noutras épocas de vigilância. Entre as razões possíveis para esta ocorrência inclui-se o relaxamento de medidas implementadas no âmbito do combate à pandemia de COVID-19 e uma maior proporção de população suscetível à doença. Uma vez que vários fatores podem interferir na sazonalidade do VSR, recomenda-se que os países implementem sistemas de vigilância ao longo de todo o ano. Estes resultados poderão ter impacto no planeamento de medidas de saúde pública em futuros surtos de VSR, nomeadamente, no período de administração de palivizumab para prevenção de infeção em crianças de alto risco.
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