Sintomas de Ansiedade e Depressão Durante a Pandemia de COVID-19: Uma Análise de Clusters em Residentes Portugueses

Autores

  • Ana Aguiar EPIUnit. Instituto de Saúde Pública. Universidade do Porto. Porto; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR). Porto; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar. Universidade do Porto. Porto. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7643-8963
  • Ana Bezerra Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade do Porto. Porto. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1791-7539
  • Rita Gaio Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade do Porto. Porto; Centro de Matemática. Universidade do Porto. Porto.  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3906-0775
  • Marta Pinto Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação. Universidade do Porto. Porto. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1518-1302
  • Raquel Duarte EPIUnit. Instituto de Saúde Pública. Universidade do Porto. Porto; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar. Universidade do Porto. Porto; Serviço de Pneumologia. Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho. Vila Nova de Gaia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2257-3099

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.19559

Palavras-chave:

Análise de Clusters, COVID-19/complicações, Perturbação Depressiva, Perturbações Ansiosas, Portugal, Saúde Mental, Saúde Pública

Resumo

Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 é uma ilustração de como uma doença física pode prejudicar a mente das pessoas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar como diferentes fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais se associaram a sintomas de ansiedade e depressão num grupo de indivíduos residentes em Portugal.
Métodos: Entre novembro de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021, foi realizado um estudo online transversal de bola de neve. A população-alvo do estudo foram os adultos maiores de 18 anos, residentes no país. Para a análise estatística foi aplicada uma técnica de cluster – algoritmo K-médias. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para determinar as relações entre os clusters e as características sociodemográficas e comportamentais. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas na linguagem R, com nível de significância de 0,05. Um total de 453 participantes foi incluído.
Resultados: A maioria era do sexo feminino (69,8%), com menos de 40 anos (60,8%), com nível de ensino superior completo (75,3%) e não casados (54,4%). Além disso, a maioria era da região Norte do país (66%). O cluster 1 (n = 194) foi caracterizado por um nível baixo ou inexistente de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, que significa normal, o cluster 2 por sintomas altos (n = 82), que significa caso e o cluster 3 por sintomas leves (n = 177), que significa limítrofe. Participantes mais jovens (valor-p 0,024), do sexo feminino (valor-p 0,041), que consumiam álcool (valor-p 0,002), com insegurança alimentar (valor-p < 0,001), exacerbação da acessibilidade alimentar (valor-p < 0,001), comorbilidade (valor-p < 0,001), uso de ansiolíticos (valor-p < 0,001), rendimento familiar insuficiente (valor-p 0,017) e alteração de rendimento (valor-p < 0,001) foram significativamente associados aos clusters ansiedade-depressão. Dos três clusters, o cluster 2 foi representado principalmente por participantes mais jovens, com mais pessoas a afirmar que o seu rendimento familiar era insuficiente e que sofreu alteração em decorrência da COVID-19, apresentando maior probabilidade de insegurança alimentar.
Conclusão: Os impactos de uma crise na saúde mental vão além do evento em si. Pudemos observar que as mulheres mais jovens com rendimento familiar insuficiente que sofreram alteração do mesmo devido à COVID-19, e classificadas como tendo insegurança alimentar, apresentaram maiores níveis de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Esses resultados destacam a presença de um gradiente social onde observámos que as pessoas menos favorecidas em termos de posição socioeconómica apresentam piores resultados em saúde mental, ressaltando, nesse sentido, a necessidade de trazer as melhores respostas de saúde pública para esses grupos específicos da população.

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2023-08-01

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Aguiar A, Bezerra A, Gaio R, Pinto M, Duarte R. Sintomas de Ansiedade e Depressão Durante a Pandemia de COVID-19: Uma Análise de Clusters em Residentes Portugueses. Acta Med Port [Internet]. 1 de Agosto de 2023 [citado 18 de Julho de 2024];36(12):779-91. Disponível em: https://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/19559

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