Regressão Logística: Limitações na Estimação de Medidas de Associação com Desfechos de Saúde Binários

Autores

  • Lara Pinheiro-Guedes Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisbon; Public Health Unit. Unidade Local de Saúde do Tâmega e Sousa. Marco de Canaveses. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-1719
  • Clarisse Martinho Public Health Unit. Unidade Local de Saúde do Tâmega e Sousa. Marco de Canaveses.
  • Maria Rosário O. Martins Global Health and Tropical Medicine. Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisbon.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.21435

Palavras-chave:

Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde, Distribuição de Poisson, Modelos Estatísticos, Modelos Logísticos, Rácio de Probabilidades

Resumo

Introdução: A regressão logística é frequentemente utilizada para estimar medidas de associação entre uma exposição, determinante de saúde ou intervenção e um desfecho binário. No entanto, quando o desfecho é frequente (> 10%), estas estimativas podem ser enviesadas. Apesar de existirem modelos estatísticos alternativos, muitos estudos continuam a aplicar modelos de regressão logística indiscriminadamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as estimativas e o ajuste de modelos de regressão logística, log-binomial e Poisson robustos, em estudos transversais com desfechos binários frequentes.
Métodos: Realizaram-se dois estudos transversais. O Estudo 1 foi um estudo representativo a nível nacional sobre o impacto da poluição atmosférica na saúde mental. O Estudo 2 foi um estudo local sobre o acesso de imigrantes a serviços de urgência. Obtiveram-se odds ratio (OR) através de regressões logísticas e razões de prevalência (RP) através de modelos log-binomiais e Poisson robustos. Foram ainda obtidos intervalos de confiança a 95% (IC 95%), suas amplitudes, os erros-padrão (EP) das estimativas e comparados os valores Akaike Information Criteria (AIC).
Resultados: No Estudo 1, a OR (IC 95%) foi de 1,015 (0,970 - 1,063) e a RP (IC 95%) obtida através do modelo de Poisson robusto foi de 1,012 (0,979 - 1,045). O modelo de regressão log-binomial não convergiu. No Estudo 2, a OR (IC 95%) foi de 1,584 (1,026 - 2,446), a RP (IC 95%) para o modelo de regressão log-binomial foi de 1,217 (0,978 - 1,515) e para o modelo de Poisson robusto foi de 1,130 (1,013 - 1,261). Os IC 95%, as suas amplitudes e os EP das OR foram superiores ao das RP, em ambos os estudos. No entanto, no Estudo 2, o valor do AIC foi inferior no modelo de regressão logística.
Conclusão: As OR sobrestimaram as RP, com IC 95% mais amplos e EP superiores. A magnitude da sobrestimação foi tanto maior quanto mais prevalente o desfecho em estudo, em linha com estudos prévios. No Estudo 2, a regressão logística foi a que melhor se ajustou aos dados. Este exemplo ilustra a necessidade de avaliar vários critérios para selecionar o modelo estatístico mais apropriado. Os modelos de Poisson robustos são uma alternativa viável em estudos transversais com desfechos binários frequentes e evitam o problema de não convergência dos modelos log-binomiais.

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Publicado

2024-10-01

Como Citar

1.
Pinheiro-Guedes L, Martinho C, O. Martins MR. Regressão Logística: Limitações na Estimação de Medidas de Associação com Desfechos de Saúde Binários. Acta Med Port [Internet]. 1 de Outubro de 2024 [citado 10 de Outubro de 2024];37(10):697-705. Disponível em: https://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/21435

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